Asthma Symptoms, Causes, Treatment - Free Essay Example

Current research demonstrates a variety of conflicting information regarding the impact of Asthma on oral health.1 An analysis of the existing literature demonstrated one conclusive result; Asthma doubles risk of caries.1 Asthma is currently classified based on the severity of the condition and how well it is controlled.2 The current classifications are: Controlled, partially controlled, uncontrolled. A patient with controlled asthma will demonstrate minimal symptoms with no restrictions on activity, near normal lung function with worsening and less controlled cases falling into the other categories.2 Recommendations to the dental professional are that the classification of a patients asthma should be assessed and noted at each appointment. 2 Medications used to manage asthma include inhaled cortical steroids, beta-2 agonists, anti-cholinergic drugs.2 Inhaled mast cell stabilizers, oral anti-leukotriene agents, systemic corticosteroids, monoclonal antibodies.2 There are few medicatio ns used by dental professionals that are contraindicated in patients with Asthma.2 Aspirin, due its ubiquity of use and potential for harm is a primary concern. Approximately 7%-14% of asthma patients have Aspirin Exacerbated Respiratory Disease, which can trigger fatal anaphylaxis.2 Other NSAIDS have demonstrated cross-sensitivity with aspirin in asthma patients and should thus be avoided.2 Opioids are also contraindicated because they lead to respiratory depression and histamine release, potentially causing a severe attack.2 Paracetamol is drug of choice for pain relief in patients with asthma because of the previously noted contraindications.2 Dental antibiotic prescribing has generally not been found to have contraindications, and most antibiotics do not interfere with asthma treatment.2 Of note, Macrolides like erythromycin should be avoided because they can lead to toxic levels of methylxanthine in the blood.2 Many fluoride varnishes contain the ingredient colophony which is contraindicated in children with severe asthma.2 This ingredient can result in a reaction requiring hospitalization.2 The use of local anesthetics have inclusive r ecommendations, sodium metabisulphate, a common ingredient in anesthetics causing vasoconstriction has been shown to produce reactions in asthma sufferers.2 The severity of reaction varies and is uncommon, likely because the amount of sulfite is small.2 Further it has been shown that around 96% of asthmatics are not sensitive to sulfites.2 Local anesthetics can be used, however caution is advised and only anesthetics without vasoconstrictors should be used.2 According to the literature identification and management of an acute attack is as follows: A severe acute asthma attack may present as breathlessness and expiratory wheeze.2 The child may not manage to complete a sentence or may be too breathless to feed. Respiratory rate may be 40/min (2â€Å"5yrs) or 30 (5 yrs). Heart rate may also be increased at 140/min (2â€Å"5 yrs) and 125/ min (5 yrs). In the case of a life threatening attack the patient may present with cyanosis, reduced respiratory effort, reduced heart rate, neuro logical signs such as confusion, or reduced consciousness or loss of consciousness. Assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. If the patient is conscious, sit them upright and administer two puffs of a short-acting beta agonist (salbutamol 100 mcg/puff inhaler) and repeat if necessary. If the patient is unable to use the inhaler appropriately, administer the drug using a spacer device. Administer oxygen at 15/L minute. If there is no improvement, or the asthma attack is severe, phone for an ambulance. If the patient loses consciousness, begin cardio-pulmonary resuscitation2. It is commonplace for children to translate for adults who may be less fluent in English, also called language brokering.3 Often the children must translate topics that are beyond their maturity and comprehension.3 Among these topics are healthcare considerations, and their ability to translate is critical for the health, well-being, and normal functioning of the family.3 Studies are mixed regarding the effect language brokering has on the child, with some studies demonstrating negative effects on mental health and scholastic performance, and others demonstrating positive academic and self-esteem effects.3 This can vary due to family dynamics and individual characteristics.3 One study found a particularly strong correlation between being a language broker between the ages of 9 and 13 and negative mental health effects.3 The researchers suggested additional support for language brokers and particularly within this age category in order to alleviate stress and prevent negative impact t o the mental and emotional well-being of the broker.3 Informed consent must be obtained for any patient.4 If however, the patient is under 18 they cannot give consent. Parent or legal guardian must give consent to treat.4 This is complicated if parents are divorced or if minor is brought to appointment by a nanny or other caregiver that is not legally empowered to give consent.4 It is recommended that a parent of legal guardian accompany a minor patient to a first appointment and that an agreement is reached, and confirmed in writing about when parental/guardian presence is required at an appointment.4 In certain conditions a minor may provide consent for themselves.4 For dental treatment a legally emancipated minor or a situationally emancipated minor may provide consent themselves.4 In the case of an emergency where a delay in treatment could be life threatening to the patient and no parent or legal guardian is present, consent can be assumed.4 Any subsequent treatment however, must receive consent.4 When Sophia and her Grandmother arrive at the clinic the very first thing that must be done, while she and her grandmother are filling out her medical history, is to contact her parents and determine if her Grandmother is able to provide consent as Sophia is a minor and unable to provide consent for herself. After consent has been granted, her Asthma should be assessed and classified both by asking Sophia questions regarding when her last attack was and how she is responding to medication, and by contacting the physician that diagnosed her. It would be best if the provider and the staff were fluent in Spanish, but if none of the employees are fluent, having a translator on-call who is competent to translate dental and medical terminology to Sophias grandmother would be the next best option. Alleviating Sophia of the need and stress of translating, especially as it will become more difficult for her to do so while she is being examined and treated. Her long term prognosis is that her diagnosis of Asthma increases her likelihood of caries and other oral issues. She should be counseled on why this occurs, and what she needs to do in her daily life to reduce the possibility. The current state of decay speaks to the impact her Asthma is already having and it needs to be impressed upon her, her grandmother and her parents that it is absolutely critical she is vigilant about her oral health and regular about cleanings and check-ups. The clinic should keep in stock products that are asthma patient friendly, including fluoride varnish without colophony and local anesthetics. Sophia and her family needs to be advised that she cannot be given Aspirin or any NSAIDs, and only prescribed paracetamol for pain. As well as noting these drug concerns in her chart, it must also include the prohibition again prescribing macrolides for infections. Finally a procedure should be in place and practiced in how to identify a severe Asthma attack and how to respond, including having her bring her rescue inhaler, having her PCPs contact information readily available, and oxygen readily accessible. The response should be practiced so the staff is prepared for any patient that suffers an asthma attack, especially one who may not be diagnosed as asthmatic.

The Pros and Cons of Pornography Essay - 951 Words

For centuries, humans have been creating explicit images to depict their sexual fantasies and desires. Times have drastically changed, however, since the first known sex guide, Kama Sutra, was illustrated in 5th-century India (King 412). The selling of sexually explicit material is a multibillion dollar industry (King 411). Today, with just the click of a mouse, millions world-wide are able to access pornography and see their sexual fantasies come to life (King 418). According to King, â€Å"One third of all use of the internet is connected to porn sites,† (419). With explicit sexual material nearly impossible to avoid, it may be difficult to decipher between what is normal sexual behavior and what is merely fantasy. There is belief that the†¦show more content†¦It is no wonder that many women think negatively about most pornographic material. After viewing pornography, women tend to feel less confident and insecure about their bodies (King, 2012). If pornography is degrading and uncomfortable for women to watch, why have 41% of women intentionally viewed porn (King, 2012)? Contrary to the anti-pornography feminism movement, proponents of pornography believe that porn â€Å"liberates women† and allows them to take part in â€Å"less traditional† sexual behavior (Evans-Cicco, 2012). Some women agree with this claim and use porn to explore their own sexuality (Paul 2012). Pornography for these women is a resource. It is a method for them to discover new sex positions and â€Å"ways to act sexy† (Paul 2012). According to Paul, a â€Å"[change] in women’s expectations and attitudes toward their sexuality are driving women to pornography.† This statement indicates that some women want to replicate acts that are presented in pornographic material. It may also suggest that women believe sexual behaviors used in pornography are not only the norm, but expected. To discover if women and men’s attitudes about female sexuality have been influenced by pornography, I will conduct interviews based on the strategies that Sterk used when interviewing prostitutes. Sterk made it easier for the women to speak about this difficult topic by first building relationships with them. She also promoted conversations andShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Pornography887 Words   |  4 PagesMacKinnon asserts that pornography is ‘more act-like than thought-like’. In other words, it is an illocutionary act, in which the act of expression itself constitutes the intended action of silencing and subordinating women. It silences women by privileging the male perspective to such an extent that the female perspective disappears; it subordinates women by placing them in the role of a mere object to be used for the sexual satisfaction of men, thus enabling men to exert power over women. TheRead MorePros And Cons Of Pornography731 Words   |  3 PagesLuke Smith Mrs. Keeth English II 1 November, 2017 Pornography Positives According to the article â€Å"Is Porn a Threat to Public Health?† â€Å"The average age at which boys first see porn has dropped to 10 1/2† (Lo, par. 2). Many Americans would see this statistic as problematic and believe such exposure harms young people. However, there are several reasons why that is incorrect. Benefits of exposure to pornography include the minimal risks of sexual behavior and watching porn, the criminalization of seriousRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of the Criminalization of Pornography1906 Words   |  8 PagesThe Pros and Cons of the Criminalization of Pornography Americans were alternatively shocked, alarmed and delighted when Marilyn Monroe appeared on the cover of the first Playboy magazine in 1953. Since that time, the debate over pornography has become increasingly heated, due in large part to critics who argue that the medium debases women and teaches young people the wrong lessons about human sexuality. To gain some fresh insights about these issues, this paper provides a review of the relevantRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Internet Pornography1174 Words   |  5 PagesDating back all the way to the 1980’s, before the internet, pornography was still a very popular and readily accessible phenomenon sweeping the nation. Many groups have tried to shut down the whole institution for the stigma it has of being very distasteful and obscene. These groups, including feminists, religious groups, and even the Reagan administration, for years, have been working toward legislation to outlaw pornography.(Suderman) What they donâ⠂¬â„¢t realize is that they are actually trying toRead More Got Internet Pornography? Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesGot Internet Pornography? Pornography is viewed differently by everyone. Is pornography as bad as it is made out to be? What if it is that persons outlet from reality, just like smoking, drinking, snowboarding, skiing. Is it hurting anyone. Some say it is degrading to women. Do those women that do it think it is degrading. If they did they wouldn’t do it. There are several different types of pornography in the world. It started in art where we had sculptures of Aphrodite naked, we had many artistsRead MoreFeminism and Pornography: Differing Views1221 Words   |  5 PagesThe pornography debate has been an issue within the feminist movement that has been pushed to the periphery in recent times. It is not as widely seen on the main stage of the feminist agenda and this may be because of a division in feminist thought with regards to pornography. Generally speaking, there are â€Å"pro-sex† feminists who believe that women have the right to do what they wish with their bodies and there are â€Å" pro-censorship† feminists who believe pornography is inherently degrading and violentRead MoreCause Of Social Media Essay702 Words   |  3 Pagessocial media to increase knowledge. Social media can be a daily entertainment. if humans depend on social media then humans will not be able to let go. Human daily will depend on social media. Social media can give a effect or impact. There is pro and contra. Pro of socal media is humans can interact with foreign, and new information, assist in getting jobs, can help teen used technology, and easier to study. For the children, they can get a information from youtube. Kids love funny things like slimeRead MorePros For The Advancement Of Technology921 Words   |  4 Pagesand bring information from your fingertips to your eyes in a matter of seconds. The list of pros for the advancement of technology is almost endless and the cons may not be as large. Depending on your parenting style, the pros and cons could be switched around for those families. While the advantages are numerous the disadvantages and dangers can be just as long. Some of those dangers include pornography, racist propaganda, child predators and violent material just to name a few. Without taking anRead MoreInternet Censorship Of China, South Africa And Other Countries1851 Words   |  8 Pagesflow of chil d pornography, curbing false information, or putting a nation’s interests first), it can be viewed as bad from another perspective (in terms of cutting down on the opportunity to inform sides of a dialogue, promoting free exchange of ideas, or discussing why one form of pornography is allowed but not another). This paper will show why Internet censorship can be interpreted in both positive and negative ways depending on the perspective that one adopts (whether one is pro-Statist or anti-Statist)Read MoreAre Child Beauty Pageants Exploitative?1236 Words   |  5 Pagestheir future outlook on life, and it is a form of abuse. Part of society says that beauty pageants are not necessarily a bad thing, but there are the good and bad parts. All in all, pageants promote self-esteem and build instant self-confidence (Pros and Cons of Child Beauty Pageants). It is beneficial to the child’s self-esteem in a way that it helps the child to step out of their comfort zone and overcome their shyness. This gives the child the confidence they need to showcase their talents as well

World War II Fighter Grumman F6F Hellcat

Having begun production of their successful F4F Wildcat fighter, Grumman began work on a successor aircraft in the months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In creating the new fighter, Leroy Grumman and his chief engineers, Leon Swirbul and Bill Schwendler, sought to improve upon their previous creation by designing an aircraft which was more powerful with better performance. The result was a preliminary design for an entirely new aircraft rather than an enlarged F4F. Interested in a follow-on aircraft to the F4F, the US Navy signed a contract for a prototype on June 30, 1941. With the US entry into World War II in December 1941, Grumman began utilizing data from the F4Fs early combats against the Japanese. By assessing the Wildcats performance against the Mitsubishi A6M Zero, Grumman was able to design its new aircraft to better counter the nimble enemy fighter. To aid in this process, the company also consulted noted combat veterans such as Lieutenant Commander Butch OHare who provided insight based on his firsthand experiences in the Pacific. The initial prototype, designated XF6F-1, was intended to be powered by the Wright R-2600 Cyclone (1,700 hp), however, information from testing and the Pacific led it to be given the more powerful 2,000 hp Pratt Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp turning a three-bladed Hamilton Standard propeller. A Cyclone-powered F6F first flew on June 26, 1942, while the first Double Wasp-equipped aircraft (XF6F-3) followed on July 30. In early trials, the latter showed a 25% improvement in performance. Though somewhat similar in appearance to the F4F, the new F6F Hellcat was much larger with a low-mounted wing and higher cockpit to improve visibility. Armed with six .50 cal. M2 Browning machine guns, the aircraft was intended to be highly durable and possessed a wealth of armor to protect the pilot and vital parts of the engine as well as self-sealing fuel tanks. Other changes from the F4F included powered, retractable landing gear which had a wide stance to improve the aircrafts landing characteristics. Production and Variants Moving into production with the F6F-3 in late 1942, Grumman quickly showed that the new fighter was easy to build. Employing around 20,000 workers, Grummans plants began to produce Hellcats at a rapid rate. When Hellcat production ended in November 1945, a total of 12,275 F6Fs had been built. During the course of production, a new variant, the F6F-5, was developed with production commencing in April 1944. This possessed a more powerful R-2800-10W engine, a more streamlined cowling, and numerous other upgrades including a flat armored-glass front panel, spring-loaded control tabs, and a reinforced tail section. The aircraft was also modified for use as the F6F-3/5N night fighter. This variant carried the AN/APS-4 radar in a fairing built into the starboard wing. Pioneering naval night fighting, F6F-3Ns claimed their first victories in November 1943. With the arrival of the F6F-5 in 1944, a night fighter variant was developed from the type. Employing the same AN/APS-4 radar system as the F6F-3N, the F6F-5N also saw some changes to the aircrafts armament with some replacing the inboard .50 cal machine guns with a pair of 20 mm cannon. In addition to the night fighter variants, some F6F-5s were fitted with camera equipment to serve as reconnaissance aircraft (F6F-5P).​ Handling Versus the Zero Largely intended for defeating the A6M Zero, the F6F Hellcat proved faster at all altitudes with a slightly better climb rate over 14,000 ft, as well as was a superior diver. Though the American aircraft could roll faster at high speeds, the Zero could out-turn the Hellcat at lower speeds as well as could climb faster at lower altitudes. In combating the Zero, American pilots were advised to avoid dogfights and to utilize their superior power and high-speed performance. As with the earlier F4F, the Hellcat proved capable of sustaining a great deal more damage than its Japanese counterpart. Operational History Reaching operational readiness in February 1943, the first F6F-3s were assigned to VF-9 aboard USS Essex (CV-9). The F6F first saw combat on August 31, 1943, during an attack on Marcus Island. It scored its first kill the next day when Lieutenant (jg) Dick Loesch and Ensign A.W. Nyquist from USS Independence (CVL-22) downed a Kawanishi H8K Emily flying boat. On October 5-6, the F6F saw its first major combat during a raid on Wake Island. In the engagement, the Hellcat quickly proved superior to the Zero. Similar results were produced in November during attacks against Rabaul and in support of the invasion of Tarawa. In the latter fight, the type claimed 30 Zeros downed for the loss of one Hellcat. From late 1943 forward, the F6F saw action during every major campaign of the Pacific war. Quickly becoming the backbone of the US Navys fighter force, the F6F achieved one of its best days during the Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19, 1944. Dubbed the Great Marianas Turkey Shoot, the battle saw US Navy fighters down massive numbers of Japanese aircraft while sustaining minimal losses. In the final months of the war, the Kawanishi N1K George proved a more formidable opponent for the F6F but it was not produced in significant enough numbers to mount a meaningful challenge to the Hellcats dominance. During the course of World War II, 305 Hellcat pilots became aces, including US Navy top scorer Captain David McCampbell (34 kills). Downing seven enemy aircraft on June 19, he added nine more on October 24. For these feats, he was awarded the Medal of Honor. During its service in World War II, the F6F Hellcat became the most successful naval fighter of all time with a total of 5,271 kills. Of these, 5,163 were scored by US Navy and US Marine Corps pilots against a loss of 270 Hellcats. This resulted in a remarkable kill ratio of 19:1. Designed as a Zero Killer, the F6F maintained a kill ratio of 13:1 against the Japanese fighter. Assisted during the war by the distinctive Chance Vought F4U Corsair, the two formed a lethal duo. With the end of the war, the Hellcat was phased out of service as the new F8F Bearcat began to arrive. Other Operators During the war, the Royal Navy received a number of Hellcats through Lend-Lease. Initially known as the Gannet Mark I, the type saw action with Fleet Air Arm squadrons in Norway, the Mediterranean, and the Pacific. During the conflict, British Hellcats downed 52 enemy aircraft. In combat over Europe, it was found to be on par with the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190. In the postwar years, the F6F remained in a number of second-line duties with the US Navy and was also flown by the French and Uruguayan navies. The latter used the aircraft up until the early 1960s. F6F-5 Hellcat Specifications General Length:  33 ft. 7 in. Wingspan:  42 ft. 10 in.Height:  13 ft. 1 in.Wing Area:  334 sq. ft.Empty Weight:  9,238 lbs.Loaded Weight:  12,598 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight:  15,514 lbs.Crew:  1 Performance Maximum Speed:  380 mphCombat Radius:  945 milesRate of Climb:  3,500 ft./min.Service Ceiling:  37,300 ft.Power Plant:  1Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney R-2800-10W Double Wasp engine with a two-speed two-stage supercharger, 2,000 hp Armament 6Ãâ€" 0.50 cal. M2 Browning machine guns6 Ãâ€" 5 in (127 mm) HVARs or 2 Ãâ€" 11 ¾ in Tiny Tim unguided rocketsup to 2,000 lbs. of bombs Sources World War II Database: F6F HellcatAce Pilots: F6F HellcatMilitary Factory: F6F Hellcat

A Study On Cystic Fibrosis - 1843 Words

Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that limits one’s ability to breathe, affects mostly the lungs but also can have a damaging effect on the intestine, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. The name cystic fibrosis comes from the characteristic fibrosis and cysts that form within the pancreas. It is a life-threatening illness, which afflicts around 30,000 people in the United States and about 70,000 worldwide, with approximately 1,000 new cases being diagnosed each year and more than 75 percent of those people being diagnosed by the age of two. Nearly half of the cystic fibrosis population is over 18 years of age, and the life expectancy is between 37 to 50 years old. The ailment, commonly referred to as CF, is a recessive disease, so both†¦show more content†¦One such hypothesis is the heterozygote advantage. Sickle cell anemia, a similar autosomal recessive disease, illustrates this hypothesis. It has been found to protect carriers from other diseases, and it has been spec ulated that people with CF are similarly resistant to certain diseases like cholera and typhoid, which could be why the disease has prevailed for so long. Stemming from a genetic mutation with a membrane pore, or channel that helps to facilitate the transport of bicarbonate electrolytes and chloride from between the inside and the outside of the cell, cystic fibrosis and its inherent symptoms are caused by the loss of the pore channel, which results in inflammation and mucus accumulation. Dehydration of the cell surface also occurs. Normally, cells have a cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator channel that influences fluid secretion in epithelial cells. When this channel is mutated, there is a decrease in the flow of ions and water, and this results in dehydrated mucous that affects breathing. This in turn causes lethal bacterial infections by blocking ducts within the lungs. The most common mutation of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator is F508del-CFTR. This mutation creates a misprocessed protein that rapidly degrades as it is abnormally retained in the endoplasmic reticulum compartment, therefore making it absent in the plas ma membrane

Taking a Look at the Monash University - 896 Words

Monash University is on the global scene a growing university which was established in 1958 in Clayton, Australia. Furthermore, apart from the five campuses in Australia, it has managed to grow tremendously on the international platform with five campuses affiliated to it spread across the world, in India, China, South Africa, Italy and Malaysia, at the same time linked to the Monash website. This essay will make an attempt to provide a critical analysis of the Monash website and the current affiliation with Laureate group of universities. Firstly, an analysis of Monash around the world link will be explored. Secondly, an attempt to discuss the affiliation of Monash South Africa University as part of the Laureate family with respect to the Monash website will be made. Thirdly, the business processes and functions of Monash South Africa University will be examined. Following this, a critical analysis of Monash South Africa and the use of social media will be explored. Finally, a concl usion will be drawn based on the analysis of the issues discussed in this essay together with my own opinion. The Monash website provides a platform to access information of any of its affiliated campuses via the Monash around the world link. Moreover, the most important aspect of any website is usability of the site. Furthermore, a website should not be extremely different from other websites as users spend most their time on other sites, hence they expect what is commonly done on other sitesShow MoreRelated Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagesof a human embryo at any stage of growth, including the initial zygote stage, is seen as an inhumane act where by a life is taken prematurely and unjustifiably. (Savulesu, 2006) With this in mind one must consider the moral status of an embryo; taking into consideration its right to life. The fact that unused human embryos, a product of IVF, are kept in indefinite preservation is accepted more widely than their use in ES cell research. An embryo in long term storage will eventually perish, orRead MoreDrug Use And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1302 Words   |  6 Pagesalternative treatments are available, Ritalin should not be used as a first solution in the treatment of behavioural problems in children. Ritalin should not be used as a first option due to the ongoing side effects that some children suffer from taking this medication. There are many adverse effects associated with the use of Ritalin, some of these include inability to sleep, stomach pains, loss of appetite, headaches, anxiety, dizziness, restlessness and slow growth (Schriever 2012). More worryingRead MoreThe Application of Scientific Management in Today’s Organisations1749 Words   |  7 Pagesbe taught by managers (Whyte, 1969, p.5) is embraced by McDonald’s. It has its own university; the Hamburger University, which â€Å"provides operations and business management training for restaurant managers, franchisees, mid-level managers, and corporate executives†. www.mcdonalds.com Moreover Yum! Brands, Inc., whose portfolio includes KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell and so on, also has its own university; Yum! University, for training purposes. Next is the task aspect, which means â€Å"the work of everyRead MoreCase Study Iia Australia and New Zealand: Doing Business with Indonesia1555 Words   |  7 Pagesconsumption drives the economy but exports are thriving, and therein lay opportunities for Australia and New Zealand. Indonesia is a country of more than 17,000 islands and the world’s largest Muslim nation. In her lecture, Dr. Joan Hardjonoof of Monash University discussed the historical and geographic contexts of modern Indonesia. She spoke of the many clusters of islands worldwide that have come together as nation states—for example, the Philippines and some island groups in the Pacific—but describedRead MoreThe Cultural Bias in Intelligence Tests2939 Words   |  12 Pagesresearches into how the reliability and validity of an ability test may differ when assessed on groups from different cultural-linguistic backgrounds. The aim of this study is to test the reliability and validity of the PSYGA T Verbal IQ Test on university students from English-speaking backgrounds (ESB) and non-English speaking backgrounds (NESB) in relation to the Queendom Verbal IQ Test and Cultural Fair IQ Test. 445 third year psychology students aged 19 to 62 were involved in this study; 319Read MoreThe Development, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation of a Quality Assurance System Supporting Continuous Improvement of Higher Education in the Eastern Cape Technikon19611 Words   |  79 Pages Introduction Eastern Cape Technikon (ECT) was established in 1987 as University of Transkei Technikon, known as UNITRA Technikon. ECT is situated in Butterworth in the old Transkei region and draws its clients predominantly from the mostly rural Eastern Cape Province. ECT is characterised as one of the 13 historically disadvantaged institutions (HDI). Due to expansion and growth, ECT became independent of UNITRA (University of Transkei) and was renamed Transkei Technikon in 1991. On 20 April 1994Read MoreMy First Year Of A Jam Packed Update Of All Things Nubc2109 Words   |  9 PagesHi NUBCer’s and friends and welcome to a jam packed update of all things NUBC. Over the past few months crews have trained, travelled and competed at the Australian University Rowing Championships, in Perth and had great success across regattas in the CDRA. In particular NUBC showed their strength and versatility at the CDRA Sprint Champs, where we claimed the highly competitive Linwood Throsby Gift. Further exciting news, we have been lucky enough to have Tony Blay volunteer his time to coach membersRead MoreContemporary Security Issues in E-Payment Systems2297 Words   |  10 Pagesand integrated manner – and not address untoward events in each layer of the e-payment system completely independently. The urge is therefore to build on this development and determine what the survivability issues are in the light of the changes taking place in the composition of the system. 5. Justification The increasing adoption of e-payment and the criticalness that it be possible to carry out payments for goods and services at all times, even in adverse conditions, make it imperative that e-paymentRead MoreThe Time Of Poverty From The Great Depression1853 Words   |  8 Pagescities in the North such as Washington, D.C., Philadelphia and Chicago, as well as desegregation in the cities, encouraged white Americans to relocate to suburban areas, known as â€Å"white flight†. â€Å"So writes city historian Graeme Davison of Monash University, in Australia, in a recent issue of the Journal of Urban History. As cities and towns became manufacturing centers filled with industrial workers, suburban areas were seen as exclusive retreats for the moneyed classes. When the well-to-do fledRead MoreGenetic Analysis : Genetic Diagnosis2461 Words   |  10 PagesPellucida); at this point a trained embryologist will extract of one or two of the blastomeres (cells) for testing. During this process the embryos are frozen. In New Zealand PGD testing is most commonly done in Canterbury Health Laboratories or Monash IVF in Melbourne. In New Zealand PGD can only be used to test for 3 conditions: - Single gene defects such as cystic fibrosis, huntington’s disease, haemophilia. Single gene defects are caused by a single gene. - Numerical chromosomal abnormalities

Internal Control- A Detailed Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Report for Internal Control- A Detailed Analysis. Answer: Introduction Controls instilled within an organization so as to warrant that the business processes are conducted in the most desired manner, the financials prepared are reliable, the operations of the firm are accomplished by adopting an approach which is efficient enough to ensure that the firm is able to meet its goals and targets, the assets of the firm are protected enough to be able to safeguard from any kind of endangers and the processes are stringent enough to prevent any kind of fraudulent activities is what an internal control process promises. Unfortunately installing such procedures in a small organization may be a costly affair and the results may not be as desired. There may be situations wherein implementing such a process may be impossible[1]. In the said case it is very evident that the internal control imbibed within the Ashmore Grocery Store is weak and feeble enough to lead Kate Clarkston towards a path of losses. Thus I was requested to advise Ms. Kate Clarkston on the various internal control measures that she should follow so as to ensure that such a kind of vulnerability is wiped off. Credit (Accounts Receivable) Conducting a business on credit is a very common phenomena in the trade of retail and wholesale, specifically with regards the inventories. However to ensure that the there is no pilferage of the stock, a vigilant internal control system must be in place. The credit worthiness of the customers should be checked in detail[2]. The same should be conducted on a regular basis for both the new customers as well as the old ones as the credit worthiness may change with the changing scenarios. Further periodical follow ups for the clearance of the accounts is a must to prevent the occurrence of bad debts. The authority to grant credit to the customer should be kept by Kate herself and if any sales staff tries to grant credit on his / her judgement then the same should be questioned and dealt with immediately[3]. The next important area which requires attention is the immediate mending of the cash drawer as cash should always be kept under lock and key and adhoc withdrawals without approval should be stalled. Although there is one person responsible for the cash, yet maintaining more than one cash register also points fingers towards a weak control system. This may also lead to confusion and fraud. Thus the three registers should be discarded and only one register should be maintained which should account for all inflows and outflows of cash[4]. Credit- (Accounts Payable) Accounts payable is an equally sensitive area which requires vigilant controls, specially in a business like yours which has a very limited staff. The credit the suppliers give, the amount that they charge for the goods ,how much to order and timely negotiations with the suppliers is a must[5] .In the said scenario, Kate never took stock or inputs from its staff with regards the requirements of the goods each week and ordered in an adhoc manner. The same should be made only after proper stock taking is done. Further Kate should personally view the payments to be made to the suppliers so as to ensure prompt payments are made thus availing the benefit of cash discounts or other benefits that the suppliers offer[6]. Another very integral area of internal control which you need to inculcate is segregation of the work. The office administrator though very old employ should not be entrusted with the work of making payments to the suppliers, counting the cash, and filing of the bank statements. The work should be divided amongst the other staff also and the cash should be counted and banked by you personally. This would lead to applicability of self check process automatically[7]. The same may seem to be a costly affair to you, however if the work is delegated amongst the staff then the chances of risk and errors is minimized considerably. Inventories Inventories is another very fragile area which is prone to frauds thus daily stock taking should be made a part of the normal procedure of a business The stock taking will enable you to have an idea about the goods which are perishable in nature, the duration within which they get perished, the goods which are fast moving, goods which are no more in demand and which needs to be stopped at all. This will save your cost as well as ensure that the percentage of normal loss is minimal. Thus internal control over inventories can be instilled only if the stock is taken on a daily basis and any loss detected is immediately countered for. As the size of your business is small you may find this to be a time consuming as well as a costly affair, yet the benefits are manifolds[8]. Non-current assets Internal controls over non-current assets often takes a second seat in most of the firms which are not too big in size as their is a misconception with regards the fact that these do not hold much importance. But the said notion is incorrect. The fixed assets indirectly help in the conduct of the business and are costly assets which needs to be taken care of and maintained on a regular basis else replacement may cost huge to any entity leading to short term cash crunches as well as financial load. Thus timely maintenance and replacement of the same is the best remedy so that maximum benefits of depreciation as well as production is derived. Further a fixed asset register is a mandate for all kinds of firms[9]. In the current situation Kate uses few equipments such as an air fryer, refrigerator and bain marie which are expensive assets. She does not keep a track of the maintenance and timely repair and replacement of the same. She considers her staff to be so trustworthy that as soon as they inform her about the need for replacement of any equipment, without even checking the validity of the warranty or trying to get the same repaired she prefers to change the same immediately[10]. The same should be checked. Kate should take a note of the same and ensure a periodic AMC of the equipments installed at her shop. The equipment if under warranty should be sent to the company itself who would help to address her issues without any cost to her. Further before replacement a proper analysis of the cost of purchase versus the repair cost should be conducted and then a decision should be taken. She should have ventured into the reason for the replacement of a brand new ice cream freezer before replac ing the same as there may be chances that the same is stolen by any staff[11]. Conclusion Therefore as per my opinion Kate Clarkson should ensure adequate internal control is implemented and made a part of the system of her shop at the earliest. The top line of the firm may take a hit if adequate controls are not put in place before this leads to a larger fraud thus leaving her with no option but to shut down the business. It has to be understood that small business are more prone to inefficient systems and the staffs take the advantage of this vulnerability. Thus Ashmore Grocery Store should ensure that the above detailed measures should be adopted and made a part of its daily routine so that it can prevent profit erosion and earn profits as targeted for. References: Agarwal, V., Internal controls in a retail store,[Website]. 2015. https://www.withum.com/kc/internal-controls-retail-store/ (accessed 25 July 2016) Adams, K., Types of Internal Controls in a Grocery Store. Houston Chronicle, 25 July 2016. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-internal-controls-grocery-store-62145.html (accessed 25 July 2016) Cardwell, H., Principles of Audit Surveillance, R.T. Edwards Inc. USA, 2005 Frias, S.A., and Fajardo, C.L., Textbook in Auditing Theory (Assurance and related services), 4th Eds, KATHA Publishing Co. Ltd. Philippine, 2008 Geyer, J.M., The Basics of Inventory Internal Controls.; ImproMed, 15 February 2011, Accessed from https://www.impromed.com/newsletter/article.aspx?a=227 (25 July 2016) Horngren, C. Et al. Accounting, 7th Eds. Pearson, Australia, 2013 Hightower, R. Accounts Receivable- Cash Application, John Wiley Sons Inc., 2015, Available from E-book library (Accessed 25 July 2016) Internal Control: A Practical Guide, KPMG, UK, Service Print Limited , 1999 Long, M.M., Internal Controls for Small Businesses to Reduce Risk of Fraud, Intuit Inc. Plano, 2009 Rich, J.S. et.al. Cornerstones of Financial Accounting, South Western Cengage Learning, USA, 2012 Trenerry, A., Principles of Internal Control, University of New South Wales Press Ltd, New South Wales, 1999 [1] Agarwal, V., Internal controls in a retail store,[Website]. 2015. https://www.withum.com/kc/internal-controls-retail-store/ (accessed 25 July 2016) [2] Adams, K., Types of Internal Controls in a Grocery Store. Houston Chronicle, 25 July 2016. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/types-internal-controls-grocery-store-62145.html (accessed 25 July 2016) [3] Cardwell, H., Principles of Audit Surveillance, R.T. Edwards Inc. USA, 2005 [4] Frias, S.A., and Fajardo, C.L., Textbook in Auditing Theory (Assurance and related services), 4th Eds, KATHA Publishing Co. Ltd. Philippine, 2008 [5] Trenerry, A., Principles of Internal Control, University of New South Wales Press Ltd, New South Wales, 1999 [6] Rich, J.S. et.al. Cornerstones of Financial Accounting, South Western Cengage Learning, USA, 2012 [7] Horngren, C. Et al. Accounting, 7th Eds. Pearson, Australia, 2013 [8] Geyer, J.M., The Basics of Inventory Internal Controls.; ImproMed, 15 February 2011, Accessed from https://www.impromed.com/newsletter/article.aspx?a=227 (25 July 2016) [9] Hightower, R. Accounts Receivable- Cash Application, John Wiley Sons Inc., 2015, Available from E-book library (Accessed 25 July 2016) [10] Long, M.M., Internal Controls for Small Businesses to Reduce Risk of Fraud, Intuit Inc. Plano, 2009 [11] Internal Control: A Practical Guide, KPMG, UK, Service Print Limited , 1999

JKL Industries Workplace & Relationship - Samples & Solution

Question: Discuss about theEffective Workplace Relationshipfor JKL Industries. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the report is to make a plan to deal with the issues related to the grievances of the employees at the JKL Industries. It has been found that the management has proposed restructure of the business because it has been observed that the Company is facing certain issues related to the grievances of the employees. The employees had an opinion that they shall lose their job as a result of the restructure of the business. In addition to this, they also fear that there shall be no proper opportunity to retain their employment in the organization. It falls under the responsibility of the HR managers to fight with the challenges and tackle the situation. The report focuses on building up an action plan to tackle the situation. Identification of Risk at JKL Industry: In the case study, it has been found that the organization is facing two major issues. The grievances of the employees have been so drastic that they have also intended to call for strikes. The two most crucial risks that have been identified are: Poor communication and poor organizational climate: The organizational culture has been found to be negative. There is less team cohesion and a large communication gap between the employees and the management. It has been observed that in spite that the managers have good intensions and wanted to make better commitment towards the organization, the employees find it absurd and then they start revolting (Alfes et al. 2013). Therefore, it has been identified that there needs to be development of proper communication in the organization. Weak climate of organization culture: If the organizational culture is taken into consideration, it has been seen that the organization has a weak culture. There is a great deficiency in terms of understanding the situation of the chaotic condition that has occurred in the organization as result of the initiative taken for restructure of the organization (Kessler 2015). When the working atmosphere does not remain in a proper accordance, a chaotic condition is created in the organization that hampers the operation of the business. If the case study of JKL industry is to be considered, it can be said that the complete business operation depends on the cooperation of the employees working in the organization. Therefore, keeping up with their expectation is indeed an important issue that has to be tackled with prime importance. In the view point of Sparrow and Cooper (2012), HR practices are the most evident thing in an organization. Complete business operation remains on the success of the role played by the HR of the organization. Possible Solutions of the Problem: It is important to keep a good relationship with the employees of the Company, so that the flow of work does not get interrupted. Three possible solutions can be narrated in this respect: Detailed discussion with the employees regarding the issue: It has been found that the employees were feeling that they might lose their jobs. This thing has to be cleared out with each employee (Vasilaki et al 2012). In order to achieve this target, it is recommended that the HR management shall call out a meeting with the employees. In the meeting, the manager is expected to explain the issue to the employees and retain their faith. Considering possible solution to the problem: Based on the problems, it is also the duty of the management to come with a solution. The possible remedy might be developing proper communication with the employees and building a proper organizational culture in the organization (Bidwell et al. 2013). Keep a track of the conversation: It is also important that whatever discussion is done between the employees and the management should be recorded as the same can be used for the future prospects as well (Zhu et al.2013). When records are kept, it becomes evident for the management to deal with the situation in future. Promising better opportunity to the employees: The employees have to be convinced about the importance of the restructure of the business and how it can be effective to each one of them. Their misconception has to be removed by the HR management team. If this is made possible, then there is a scope of early recovery of the problem. Apart from the above mentioned solutions, it can be said that the HR should keep a track of the entire organizational planning regarding any kind of change or alteration in the organization (Kooij et al. 2013). It falls under the responsibility of the HR to keep a track of the entire organizational business and make approach to deal with the situation. Keeping a healthy relationship with the employees is the prime responsibility of the HR (Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall and Rigsbee 2013). Action Plan: Action Timeframe Person responsible Description of the strategy Calling a meeting First day HR and the HR partner In the meeting, detailed discussion of the plan of restricting the business has to be evaluated. Explaining the problems Second day HR and the HR partner Problems should be heard from the employees and the queries have to be addressed properly by the team of management. Coming up with a solution Second day HR and the HR partner It is based on the understanding from both the employees and the management, it is required to come to a proper solution. Fig: Action Plan (Source: Created by the author) Conclusion: It has been found that the main problem that the organization is facing is related to the consciousness of the employees related to their security of their job. The role of an HR manager is to understand the grievances of the employees and take a note of the best possible ways to fight against the various odds of the organization. It should be kept in mind that it is only by fulfilling the requirements of the employees the operation of the complete business can be fulfilled. Therefore, making proper decision regarding the queries and grievances of the employees holds great importance. Reference List: Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E.C., Rees, C. and Gatenby, M., 2013. The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement.Human resource management,52(6), pp.839-859. Bidwell, M., Briscoe, F., Fernandez-Mateo, I. and Sterling, A., 2013. The employment relationship and inequality: How and why changes in employment practices are reshaping rewards in organizations.The Academy of Management Annals,7(1), pp.61-121. Kessler, I., 2015. Exploring the relationship between human resource management and organizational performance in the healthcare sector. Kooij, D.T., Guest, D.E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P.G. and Dikkers, J.S., 2013. How the impact of HR practices on employee well?being and performance changes with age.Human Resource Management Journal,23(1), pp.18-35. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A. and Rigsbee, C.M., 2013. Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), pp.366-377. Sparrow, P. and Cooper, C.L., 2012.The employment relationship: Key challenges for HR. Routledge. Vasilaki, A., Tarba, S., Ahammad, M.F. and Glaister, A.J., 2016. The moderating role of transformational leadership on HR practices in MA integration.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, pp.1-17. Zhu, W., Newman, A., Miao, Q. and Hooke, A., 2013. Revisiting the mediating role of trust in transformational leadership effects: Do different types of trust make a difference?.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), pp.94-105.