Sunday, November 24, 2019

The Impact of Energy Costs on the Aggregate Supply essays

The Impact of Energy Costs on the Aggregate Supply essays 1. An increase in aggregate demand, at a level of supply that remains the same, generally gives way to an increase in price. The reason for this is simple, both from a psychological and economic perspective. Indeed, an increase in aggregate demand means that the volume of goods and services being bought by consumers in a certain economy increases. This means that suppliers of goods and services will be tempted to raise prices, because they are sure that there will be a constant demand for their goods and services, even at the higher prices practiced due to the increase in aggregate demand. Additionally, the new equilibrium price that is thus formed will be at a higher level, because the aggregate demand curve has suffered a translation to the right along the aggregate supply curve, thus to a new level of quantity supplied (as previously pointed out in the volume of goods and services provided) and higher price. A higher price will mean inflation, so, we can underline the fact that an increase in aggregate demand will lead to an increase in the price level and a higher inflation due to this. An increase in aggregate supply means that the volume of goods and services provided on the market is higher and, thus, that, at a constant level of customer demand, there are more goods and services sold on the market. Due to an excess in production, the prices will fall, graphically shown in a move to the left of the aggregate supply curve along the aggregate demand curve. This will mark a recession of the economy, because producers will be forced to sell at a lower price than usual, due to an increase of aggregate supply of their products at the same demand level. Selling at lower prices will mean that producers will need to adjust their costs to match the falling prices and reduce their workforce as well. 2. The relationship between government purchases, net taxes, the Marginal Propensity to Consume and the countrys G...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

How should a person be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How should a person be - Essay Example Many religions teach the followers that god is present everywhere that’s what omnipotent means. Among the different religions there are many meanings of the word omnipotent, for some it means that god can do anything for anyone who leads the right life, life which is free from sins. This also means that if god says something will happen it will happen. God will make sure that it happens because ever step taken by god is right and every step has logic behind it. This can be better understood with the help of an example, in Christianity if a person lives a holy life or for that matter in any other religion if a person lives a holy life he/she is entitled to eternal life and god will grant it if the person really deserves it. â€Å"There is nothing that God cannot do except that which goes against His nature. God alone has the power to conquer sin and death. He even created Satan who disobeyed and fell; therefore, He has power over him. He promised to give us the power to overco me him that is in the world.† (God is Omnipotent). If there is god then there has to something negative because where is positive there has to be a negative to counter the positive. That position is occupied by the Saturn and the Saturn tempts the people to do wrong things in other words the Saturn is the evil which makes sure that people do not follow the path of god. The temptation of the Saturn is very difficult to resist and most people fall to that temptation and ignore the path of god. This leads to chaos in the world. All the undesirable activities like suicide bombings, murders, theft etc are done by people who get tempted by the Saturn. When the evil tempts people it makes sure that people forget everything which is good and they incline towards the evil completely. Disagreement If God does exist then why are women getting raped in all corners of the world? If God does exist then why are innocent people being killed all across the globe? These are questions that are e xtremely hard to answer and this also to some extent prove that God does not exist. There are gun and knife crimes all across the world, if God has power then why is God not intervening? This is again very debatable, those who believe in God would say that human beings have spoiled the society, can Jesus Christ come time and again and save the world? These activities have been going on for too long now and it is time for human beings to realize that they have caused damage beyond repair. It is time to repair that damage by stopping criminals from committing crimes and by punishing the criminals who have been repeat offenders, this is the need of the hour and it needs to be done right away otherwise it all looks doom and gloom. The crime rate has crossed every limit in the world, there are criminals roaming freely and attempting to commit even more crimes, why is God not able to stop these criminals? These are very debatable questions. A superpower in God must be able to stop this me nace but this has hardly happened, God needs to play a more active role when it comes to making the world a better place to live in otherwise more and more people will become atheists and will start denying the existence of God. The temptation of evil can be overcome by following the right path of god. But the case becomes very complicated because

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Bankruptcy prediction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bankruptcy prediction - Research Paper Example e year correctly classify the dozen or so listed industrial companies which will fail, but will incorrectly identify about 120 of the remaining 600 as likely to go bankrupt. In fact, analysts who might use the models t help them produce their credit ratings are likely to try them out before relying on them and making them self-fulfulling. It therefore seems unlikely that a misclassification error rate of 1 in 5 for surviving listed companies would be acceptable, even allowing for the substantially greater costs of incorrectly identifying a bankrupt company as sound when compared to those of misclassifying a surviving company as a prima facie failure." Richard Morris This paper examines whether accounting based measures effectively capture publicly available information about a firm's probability of bankruptcy. Section 2 Section 3 describes model and research methodology which includes details about the sample selection procedures, variable estimation and descriptive statistics are reported in section 4. Section 5 present and discuss the results, while Section 6 summarizes and concludes the paper. Also include a list of variables in Appendix A. 1. Literature Review 1.1 Accounting ratios Professor Edward Altman invented a model called Z-Scores by applying multivariate formula to forecast bankruptcy probabilities of the firms over 30 years from 1965-1999. In 2000, he extended his research throughout the year 1999 by improving accuracies of 96% one period prior to bankruptcy to 70% five annual reporting periods prior. Ohlson (1980) also developed a bankruptcy prediction model with logit analysis using a number of bankruptcy firms that were traded on NYSE and AMSE during the 1970s. Begley Joy et al (1997) critised the estimation models of Altman (1968) and...In fact, analysts who might use the models t help them produce their credit ratings are likely to try them out before relying on them and making them self-fulfulling. It therefore seems unlikely that a misclassification error rate of 1 in 5 for surviving listed companies would be acceptable, even allowing for the substantially greater costs of incorrectly identifying a bankrupt company as sound when compared to tho se of misclassifying a surviving company as a prima facie failure." Richard Morris Professor Edward Altman invented a model called Z-Scores by applying multivariate formula to forecast bankruptcy probabilities of the firms over 30 years from 1965-1999. In 2000, he extended his research throughout the year 1999 by improving accuracies of 96% one period prior to bankruptcy to 70% five annual reporting periods prior. Ohlson (1980) also developed a bankruptcy prediction model with logit analysis using a number of bankruptcy firms that were traded on NYSE and AMSE during the 1970s. Begley Joy et al (1997) critised the estimation models of Altman (1968) and Ohlson (1980) were not performed well by using 1980's data.

Monday, November 18, 2019

HRM-related issue Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM-related issue - Assignment Example Every organization must have a definite strategy in order to deliver positive results. The purpose of the strategy is to make sure the assets of the organization are used to improve the productivity of the organization. Apple employs effective and professional HRM techniques that aim at keeping the company both profitable and valuable. Some of the techniques include networking and teamwork. The company has embedded emerging and effective strategies in a systematic way. The strategies are embedded within wider program of the organizational targets and goals. The strategies involve regularly up-skilling the human resource managers (Chanda & Shen 2009). The company is also integrating a variety of HRM policies as well as practices. The specific business strategy of the company takes into consideration a wide collection of factors. The business strategy of Apple Inc. is shaped by the core values of the company. Conversely, the core values of the company were considered while developing H RM practices. Successful implementation of the HRM strategies depends on the ability to develop employees and managers who are willing to facilitate and acquire the necessary competencies and attitudes. Apple has invested in a self-disciplined workforce with the necessary skills. The central point in the HRM strategy is the development of working practices and motivation that leads to increased flexibility and quality of work (Holbeche 2009). The HRM strategy seeks to have commitment and mutuality from the principle organizational players. Human resource management in the Apple Company implies that the contribution of the personnel is crucial to organizational success (Chanda & Shen 2009). According to the company, people are the most important asset. The company has embedded the HR strategy into the company policy. The employment practice is driven by the commercial intentions. The company uses and incorporates the human resources to the extent that they are compatible with the org anizational objectives. Human resource managers must strive towards achieving a sense of collective purpose among all the organizational stakeholders. HRM must develop real strategic approaches which factor in the aspects of the employee relations with an aim of transforming the employees’ mindset (Tyson & York 2000). This makes the employees congruent with the business objectives of the company (Holbeche 2009). The HRM of Apple Company is careful to ensure that the cost of rewarding different groups, hiring and training employees is matched by their anticipated levels of contribution and market availability. The core employees of the Apple Company must undergo intense indoctrination into the core values of the company (Kaplan & Norton 2001). It is expected that these values are to be seen in the behavior of these employees. This is not the case with the peripheral employees of the company. Research shows there are instances where the empowerment of the employees is seen as a threat by the HRM (Tyson & York 2000). The strategic roles of the human resource manager entail the flattening of hierarchies to accommodate the market driven reorganizations of the multinationals (Tyson & York 2000). Apple Company has business units that are functional and ensures that products to be delivered are both quality and excellent (O'Grady 2009). HRM strategy calls for increased employee involvement and teamwork. Through HRM, groups within the organization must

Friday, November 15, 2019

Workplace Bullying Mobbing

Workplace Bullying Mobbing Workplace bullying is the tendency of individuals or groups to use aggressive or unreasonable behavior to achieve their ends and it is the repeated mistreatment of one employee targeted by one or more employees with a malicious mix of humiliation, intimidation and sabotage of performance. Unlike the more physical form of schoolyard bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society. Workplace bullying is also referred to as mobbing, although mobbing can also mean any bullying by more than one person, psychological terror or aggression, hostile behaviour at work, work place trauma, emotional violence! In practice means  »ganging up « by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation. Mobbing is typically found in work environments that have poorly organized production and working methods and incapable or inattentive management. A recent reliable study estimates that approximately 1 in 6 workers has directly experienced destructive bullying. Half of all bullies (58%) are women. Half of all bullying is woman-on-woman. Women comprise 80% of targets. The vast majority of bullies (71%) are bosses. Why bullies bully can be reduced to 3 factors. This are competitive schemes, peoples who live to manipulate others to accomplish their own goals and when employers reward the aggression with promotions and rewards. Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian, combined with a strong need to control or dominate. A person can knew when is bullied because of experinces from work and outside of work (always talking about work). There are four types of bullies. Chronic bullies (tries to dominate people in nearly every encounterat work and away from work), opportunist bullies (he/she knows that beating up other people will lead to winning), accidental bullies (is truly unaware of the effect of her actions on other people) and substance abusing bullies (very dangerous and threatening because she may not be in control of her decisions at all). We can protect ourselves of bullying! There is no direct law abou bullying (only in Sweden, Norvay and Finland) but it should be in the employers interest to establish a policy in preventing conflicts from escalating into dangerous states. As well as practical measures a bullying target can take, there is some legal protection or redress against some types of behaviour, although a suffering employee must look to different parts of related employment law. Although you should first realized that this is not your foult that you are bullied, to informed a manager about that, consider changing your job, to tell a bully that this kind of behaviour is not exceptable, The most problematic and serious mobbing or bullying we can find in army workplace! The U.K. army defined bullying as: â€Å"the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments! Every year we can hear about skandals in armies all over the World. In Russian army is still a lot of violence although there was establiseh military police like in other countries. Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed because the soldiering is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Black People Essay -- Racial Relations, Equality

Familiar to almost every individual in this country is the passage in the Declaration of Independence that states, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jefferson par. 2). This statement would seem imply that all people, regardless of creed, gender, race or ethnicity, have equal access to advancement in all facets of life. However, despite this concepts’ status as a foundational American ideal, complete equality among all groups of people has never been a reality in this country. Instead, different categories of people are ranked into a hierarchy and maintain various degrees of wealth, power, and prestige, often as a result of prejudice and discrimination. An area where this stratification is extremely pronounced is the difference in opportunities for women relative to those of men. Since the conception of this nation, women have been the subordinates of men. For many years, women were denied basic freedoms, such as the r ight to vote and own property, and they are still currently denied the right to make some decisions regarding their own bodies. In today’s society, it is widely recognized that men control more wealth, have greater opportunity for advancement, hold more powerful positions, and are more respected than women. In this paper, I will explore several aspects of inequality that contribute to gender stratification. In the past century, the number of women in the labor force has increased dramatically. In 2009, â€Å"[w]omen comprised 46.8 percent of the total U.S. labor force (Quick). This stands in stark contrast to the number of women in the labor force in previous years. However, women are still disproportionately represented in many occupations, such as secretaries, administrative as... ...ly stated, women, occupational segregation is a problem for many categories of people in the United States. All of these disadvantages in employment have resulted in an over-arching problem for ethnic and minority groups: low income. Income varies drastically between different groups of people in the United States, a fact which suggests that discrimination is widespread in this country. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the average median income for families was â€Å"$58,407† in 2006. Considering this fact, the $40,000 that the average Hispanic American family makes is extremely low. Even lower is the average median family incomes of African Americans and Native Americans, which are $38,206 and $38,800, respectively. Income is such an integral part of every person’s life, affecting not only a person’s house, car, and clothing but also their health and education.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

My Break-up with My Fiancé

Had my fiance and I decided to end our relationship for personal reasons, and were our feelings relatively mutual on the matter, our break-up might not have been so devastating. The reality of the situation, however, is that my parents directly contributed to the end of our engagement and subsequently, our relationship, which made the experience all the more awful. My fiance and I had been dating for nearly seven months, and I had always maintained a level of secrecy about our relationship with my family, as I’ve done with all of my relationships. I simply do not enjoy discussing significant others with them.Then one day my parents sat me down, having heard about my fiance from a mutual friend. They were very upset, my mother especially so, but they did their best to remain calm while they explained plainly how I could no longer see my fiance. My dad was robotic and monotone, and seemed to take his cues from my mother, who just sat there glaring at me. Every once in awhile she would speak up and say things to the tune of, â€Å"We don’t know how you could do this to us,† or â€Å"We expected so much more of you,† or any number of other cliches parents use to guilt trip their children.After nearly three hours of talking, during which we stormed around the house, my mother and I shouting at each other for brief intervals, and my father leaving several times to take calls (though I suspect he faked them, just needing a break) I finally agreed to stop seeing my fiance. I couldn’t believe the words came out of my mouth, or that I even entertained the notion, but bit by bit my mother’s banshee-like outbursts and my father’s dead calm wore me down. I have not seen my fiance since.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse

Virginia Woolf To the Lighthouse Virginia Woolf’s â€Å"To the lighthouse† is a thoughtful novel that focuses on childhood emotions and adult relationships in a typical contemporary family. This is portrayed by different behaviors exhibited by characters of this novel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Virginia Woolf: To the Lighthouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper seeks to analyze the characters of this book and show the relationship that is shared among the characters. The paper will also describe the symbolism that ties the characters together and finally it will show their development at the end of the story. Mrs. Ramsey is one of the main characters in this novel, and takes the lead role of bringing all the other characters together (Woolf 2). The writer describes her as a strong woman who acts as a mother not only to her family but also to other people surrounding her. This is shown by the roles she plays in the novel which makes her image come out as caring, loving, and a wise woman. Her figure is seen as a house where others can find shelter. Mrs. Ramsey depiction is symbolic in that she is seen as a source of light for the house where people can gather hope. Woolf uses this character to employ the technique of symbolism. She explains the need for marriage between men and women saying that marriage was a must, even though her marriage was not perfect. She tries to soften the attitude that her husband posses due to his ego. She manages to change the attitude of her husband from the action of labor sharing at the end of part one (Woolf 117). Mrs. Ramsey has the power to attract people with her beautiful looks and her passionate interaction. However, she has been criticized for damaging other people lives through her efforts to bring her family together. She tries to make people change to what she wants them to become (Woolf 43).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's s ee if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Her daughters, Prue, Nancy, and Rose disagree with her on various occasions. As a result of this disagreement, her daughters decide to take different paths in life. Mrs. Ramsey tries to show her womanhood through her activities like holding parties for dinner and raising her eight children. She displays herself as a â€Å"superwoman† who is even capable of taking men’s responsibilities. She is not satisfied with her husband’s responsibilities as a husband and as a father (Woolf 50). Mrs. Ramsey tries to expose her husband’s failure through her actions and it worries her that her husband cannot realize her efforts. The author depicts Mrs. Ramsey as a person who was able to care for all classes of people, including the rich and the poor. In addition, she cared for those people with disabilities by showing them compassion and by fighting discrimination and gender inequality. Her gender roles are shown by the soft response she gives to her husband, who is depicted as rude. She is seen as role model by other people; this is shown by mourning of her death by her family and other people (Woolf 78). Mr. Ramsey is initially seen as a brutal man who displays selfishness from the way he speaks and the words he uses to address people. After reading the novel, the reader realizes that he was suffering from his pride. He deeply interested in his achievements and his line of work. His pride wanes when he realizes he was emotionally disturbed and is forced to seek help from his wife. This is also evident in part three when he begs for sympathy from lily in absence of his wife. Mr. Ramsey exhibits dictatorial moods when in stress; these are the times when he is rescued by his wife. He struggles between being a scholar and fulfilling his domestic duties. However, with his big family, he found it difficult to concentrate on his work (Woolf 22).Advertising We wi ll write a custom essay sample on Virginia Woolf: To the Lighthouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More James Ramsey is one of the sons of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey. At the beginning of the novel he is seen as a child of six years who had a passion for going to the lighthouse. His father does not give him a chance to go to the lighthouse in part one; this is however different in part three when his father is forcing him to go to the light house. Woolf uses the lighthouse symbolically to depict the relationship that existed between James and his father. The motherly relationship that existed between James and his mother was so strong that he wished that she was his dad. James even has a fantasy of stabbing his father so as to replace him with his mother (Woolf 45). James is described as a normal person without any mental illness. His attitude towards his father shows how much he hated him. The return to the lighthouse is used to show the change of cha racters that was realized after the death of Mrs. Ramsey. James is seen in a reconciling mood with his father, a person he hated when his mother was alive. Lily Briscoe is an artist who keeps on painting everything that she comes around. By painting, she tries to bring out the characters of people through imagery. The relationship that exists between Lily and Mrs. Ramsey is full of criticism. Lily criticizes the idea of Mrs. Ramsey making decisions for others and not being supportive to other people’s choices. At the end of the story, Lily admired Mrs. Ramsey and wanted to be like her. The relationship that exists between lily and men is much complicated in that she does not want to be married; instead she considers marriage as personal incapability to maintain creativity. Like Mr. Ramsey, lily is faced with a dilemma of trying to define her life. Nevertheless, she uses her paintings to come up with the answers. At some instance, she makes a painting of Mrs. Ramsey, a figure she profoundly admired and a figure she wanted to emulate (Woolf 48).Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Charles Tansley is a guest to Mr. Ramsey and also his student. His role in the novel is to show a boundary between different classes of people. The relationship that exists between him and Mrs. William Bankes is also invited to the summer house as a friend of Mr. Ramsey. He is widower who befriends lily. He adores Mrs. Ramsey but due to his friendship with Mr. Ramsey, he is forced to keep it down. His role in the novel is to bring out the characters of lily and Mrs. Ramsey, their stand on marriage, and the way they perceive men (Woolf 58). Augustus Carmichael is depicted as person with his own unique lifestyle. He has his own principles which he maintains throughout the story. He is the only person who is resistant to the tricky traits of Mrs. Ramsey. He is used in the novel to bring down the dominance of some characters and to neutralize the tension in the story. Through this character, the reader is able to see the human nature of Mrs. Ramsey. Symbolism has been shown by use of ce rtain words like lighthouse to show solidarity and transformation in the novel. Lighthouse as a form of solidarity has been used by the Ramsey family as way of showing their togetherness. This structure remains even after ten years showing the stability that was initiated and left by Mrs. Ramsey. The light of the house gives way to allow the family to move on even when the dark falls. Lighthouse has been used to show the source of power for the family as they gain control over the house. Waves have been used symbolically to show the obstacles faced by the characters in life. These challenges are constructive in that they make characters to be strong enough to move on, and in some occasions, they discourage the characters making them to give up. These waves reveal themselves through the behaviors adopted by some characters, like bravely or ignorance. Waves are also not permanent; they come and go meaning they do not take away what is permanent like the light in the house (Woolf 102). The window also has been used symbolically to give lily a chance to observe clearly what to paint. The paintings are her efforts to find answers about life. The window clearly portrays Mrs. Ramsey as the center stage of the whole family over which everyone can look through. Lily looks through this window when painting Mrs. Ramsey in order to see her clearly, to understand her, and to enumerate her in life (Woolf 116). Towards the end of the story, the skull has been used as a symbol of death for different characters. This happens towards the end of the novel like the death of Mrs. Ramsey. The basket that was filled with fruits shows unity, even Carmichael refuses to disturb it so as not to break that unity. The idea of Mrs. Ramsey arranging them on the table shows her as the pillar to distribute and maintain this unity (Woolf 118). In conclusion, â€Å"To the Lighthouse† is a symbolic title that is realized at the end of the story. The author chooses this to represent the fa mily unity that becomes even more concrete at the end of the book. The death of Mrs. Ramsey is painful but serves as an eye opener to her entire family. This is evident at the moment they go to the light house for the last time. It also serves to show that the family’s hope was not taken away by the demise of one of its leader. â€Å"To the Lighthouse† is Woolf’s masterpiece that brings out a story of a huge family, the relationship between the members, their disagreements, and their common grounds. Woolf, Virginia. To The Lighthouse. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006. Print.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Factors Andories On Climate Change An Environmental Sciences Essay Example

Factors Andories On Climate Change An Environmental Sciences Essay Example Factors Andories On Climate Change An Environmental Sciences Essay Factors Andories On Climate Change An Environmental Sciences Essay Climate alteration is a long-run alteration in the statistical distribution of conditions forms over periods of clip that range from decennaries to 1000000s of old ages. It may be a alteration in the mean conditions conditions or a alteration in the distribution of conditions events with regard to an norm, for illustration, greater or fewer utmost conditions events. Climate alteration may be limited to a specific part, or may happen across the whole Earth. In recent use, particularly in the context of environmental policy, climate alteration normally refers to alterations in modern clime. It may be qualified as anthropogenetic clime alteration, more by and large known as planetary heating or anthropogenetic planetary heating. Global heating is the addition in the mean temperature of Earth s near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its jutting continuance. Harmonizing to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , planetary surface temperature increased 0.74A A ±A 0.18A A °C during the twentieth century. Most of the ascertained temperature addition since the center of the twentieth century has been caused by increasing concentrations of nursery gasses, which result from human activity such as the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation. Global dimming, a consequence of increasing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from making the surface, has partly countered the effects of warming induced by nursery gases. ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2009-01-14. ) Difference between clime and conditions Some people get confused between whether and climate. The difference between them both is the step of clip. Weather is what conditions of the ambiance are over a short period of clip, and clime is how the atmosphere behaves over comparatively long periods of clip. Climate can be tropical, mid-altitudinal, semitropical, north-polar, subarctic, humid continental, Mediterranean, monsoon, desert and tropical wet-dry. The article Global Heating Effectss shows the different effects of planetary heating. It starts off by discoursing the lifting sea degrees in which he states that In the twentieth century the world-wide mean temperature climbed 0.6 grades Celsius. As these lifting temperatures melt ice, particularly in Greenland and Antarctica, and make thermic enlargement which fundamentally means that all objects have a inclination to alter in volume due to a alteration in temperature. Thermal enlargement steps this alteration in objects as a consequence of alteration in temperature. Due to this the sea degrees will lift to be 20 inches to three pess higher than their current degree by the terminal of the century than they are today. Four of the universe s 20 metropoliss most vulnerable to sea degree rise are in the United States particularly coastal metropoliss such as New York, Virginia Beach, Miami and New Orleans. Not all coastal countries would see an equal addition in sea level-some might s ee an addition far above the planetary norm, while others would see a sea degree autumn. This is followed by a reappraisal on clime alteration refugees. He states that the people affected by lifting sea degrees will travel inland in big Numberss. Mass migrations neer come easy, particularly when they involve some of the universe s poorest, with Vietnam, Bangladesh, China, India, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Nigeria and Egypt expected to be hit particularly difficult by lifting Waterss. It is estimated by scientists that about 200 million people could be affected by sea degree rise by the twelvemonth 2050. Then comes, aggregate extinctions of worlds every bit good as animate beings and migrations. The writer states that the polar bear being a species that has become the posting kid for the effects of planetary heating. Polar bears have started submerging as they have had to swim longer distances between ice flows, and the U.S. Geological Survey has predicted that if the Arctic ice ness continues runing at its current rate, two-thirds of the universe s polar bear sub-populations will be nonextant by mid-century. It is non merely the polar bear that is affected-one survey predicts that a one-fourth of land animate beings and workss could go nonextant because of planetary heating over the following 45 old ages. It is non merely the polar bear that is affected-one survey predicts that a one-fourth of land animate beings and workss could go nonextant because of planetary heating over the following 45 old ages. After that there is a reappraisal on loss of coral reefs. Corals get their nutrient from algae called zooxanthellae, which lives in the coral. This algae is highly sensitive to temperature alterations, and an addition of merely 1.8 grades FahrenheitaˆÂ ¦ can do corals to throw out their algae, or bleach . Over a drawn-out period of clip, decoloring leads to decease. The writer besides states that due to an addition in atmospheric C dioxide the oceans are going more and more acidic due to which the coral reefs are in danger This is followed by accent on stronger hurricanes. The ocean s warm H2O vapour fuels hurricanes, and as that H2O gets warmer the sum of vaporization additions, therefore fueling more powerful storms. 1990, the universe has had about 18 class 4 or 5 storms per twelvemonth. Then the treatment faces towards temblors, vents and landslides. The writer discusses that as ice thaws, force per unit area on parts of the Earth s crust will be relieved, while lifting sea degrees will increase force per unit area on coastal parts worldwide. This could hold deductions of seismal proportions. Professor Bill McGuire, Director of the University College London Hazard Research Centre, observes that past postglacial periods were full of increased seismal activity as subdivisions of the crust antecedently burdened by ice rise in a procedure known as isostatic recoil . In other words, runing ice could take to more temblors and tsunamis. Avalanches will besides increase as runing snow is loosened. Global heating could besides increase the frequence of volcanic eruptions. Surveies in Iceland suggest a nexus between reduced ice burden and volcanic eruption, mentioning the increased volcanic activity at the terminal of the last Ice Age. This is followed by a header of sweaty axillas and more umbrellas in which the writer states that it is a 90 per centum opportunity that weather extremes will be experienced. Heat moving ridges and heavy precipitation will go common. The article ends with the reappraisal on economic effects of planetary heating. Coral reefs supply about $ 375 billion each twelvemonth in nutrient and touristry income. Yes, planetary heating is an economic affair every bit good. As of now, no 1 can perfectly foretell what the economic or other effects of planetary heating will look like. ( King 2010 ) It is a really good article for understanding the effects of planetary heating on the whole universe. It informs us that due to a rise in temperature sea degrees will lift. Peoples will be affected by the rise of seas and will migrate to inlands. The writer has besides discussed about the alteration is behaviours and lives of workss and animate beings. He has told that planetary heating has caused extinctions of some animate beings and workss and migrations of others. He has besides told about the addition of C dioxide in the sea and its menaces. He has besides told about the extremes in the conditions and economic effects which occur due to planetary heating. It is a good article but it lacks detailing of all the facts stated in it. It besides lacks the causes of planetary heating. These facts stated will be hard to understand for a individual who is non cognizant of what planetary heating is because the writer has used specific footings alternatively of general footings. There coul d be a batch more things that could hold been stated in this article in item. In short, this article is hard to construe by a general unknowledged reader and requires more inside informations and generalisations. The writer has besides left the effects of planetary warming on economic system equivocal. It needs more explaining and a few more facts for the readers to clearly understand the effects of planetary heating on the economic system. This article will be hard to understand for the people who are non clear on the existent construct of planetary heating. The author needs to place the procedure before giving its effects. The argument: Concepts sing clime In the construct of clime alteration high temperatures are called interglacial periods and low temperatures are called glacial periods. One theory is that this addition in temperature is merely impermanent. It is an interglacial period and glacial period is still due while the 2nd theory suggests that this is non true and the universe s clime overall in altering and there is a lasting addition in the clime. Both the theories have an equal opportunity of being right because there one time was a glacial period followed by the interglacial 1. Climate alteration can take bends but due to the anthropocentric activities the tendency of addition in temperature has besides been seen. There has been a toll on what people think about clime alteration and most of the people thought that clime alteration is happening due to anthropocentric procedures. 1 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktoppew1.gif ( The Pew Forum On Religion and Public Life, spiritual groups positions on planetary heating, April 16, 2009 ) Astronomical theory on clime alteration The joust of the Earth comparative to its plane of travel about the Sun is what causes seasons. The hemisphere indicating toward the Sun is in summer, while the antonym hemisphere is in winter. The Earth makes one full orbit around the Sun each twelvemonth. The northern hemisphere is in summer in the left image, while 6 months subsequently, the southern hemisphere has summer, as in the centre image. If the Earth s axis were straight up and down comparative to the orbital plane, as in the right-hand image, there would be no seasons, since any given point at the top of the ambiance would have the same sum of sun each twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth. Changes in the tilt of the Earth can alter the badness of the seasons more tilt means more terrible seasons heater summers and colder winters ; less joust means less terrible seasons ice chest summers and milder winters. The Earth wobbles in infinite so that its joust alterations between about 22 and 25 grades on a rhythm of about 41,000 old ages. It is the cool summers which are thought to let snow and ice to last from twelvemonth to twelvemonth in high latitudes, finally constructing up into monolithic ice sheets. There are positive feedbacks in the clime system every bit good, because an Earth covered with more snow reflects more of the Sun s energy into infinite, doing extra chilling. In add-on, it appears that the sum of Carbon Dioxide in the ambiance falls as ice sheets grow, besides adding to the chilling of the clime. The Earth s orbit around the Sun is non rather round, which means that the Earth is somewhat closer to the Sun at some times of the twelvemonth than others. The closest attack of the Earth to the Sun is called perihelion, and it now occurs in January, doing northern hemisphere winters somewhat milder. This alteration in timing of perihelion is known as the precession of the equinoxes, and occurs on a period of 22,000 old ages. 11,000 old ages ago, perihelion occurred in July, doing the seasons more terrible than today. The rotundity , or eccentricity, of the Earth s orbit varies on rhythms of 100,000 and 400,000 old ages, and this affects how of import the timing of perihelion is to the strength of the seasons. The combination of the 41,000 twelvemonth tilt rhythm and the 22,000 twelvemonth precession rhythms, plus the smaller eccentricity signal, affect the comparative badness of summer and winter, and are thought to command the growing and retreat of ice sheets. Cool summers in t he Northern hemisphere, where most of the Earth s land mass is located, appear to let snow and ice to prevail to the following winter, leting the development of big ice sheets over 100s to 1000s of old ages. Conversely, warmer summers shrink ice sheets by runing more ice than the sum roll uping during the winter. What is The Milankovitch Theory? The Milankovitch or astronomical theory of clime alteration is an account for alterations in the seasons which result from alterations in the Earth s orbit around the Sun. The theory is named for Serbian uranologist Milutin Milankovitch, who calculated the slow alterations in the Earth s orbit by careful measurings of the place of the stars, and through equations utilizing the gravitative pull of other planets and stars. He determined that the Earth wobbles in its orbit. The Earth s joust is what causes seasons, and alterations in the joust of the Earth alter the strength of the seasons. The seasons can besides be accentuated or modified by the eccentricity ( grade of rotundity ) of the orbital way around the Sun, and the precession consequence, the place of the solstices in the one-year orbit. What does The Milankovitch Theory say about future clime alteration? Orbital alterations occur over 1000s of old ages, and the clime system may besides take 1000s of old ages to react to orbital forcing. Theory suggests that the primary driver of ice ages is the entire summer radiation received in northern latitude zones where major ice sheets have formed in the yesteryear, near 65 grades north. Past ice ages correlate good to 65N summer sunstroke ( Imbrie 1982 ) . Astronomic computations show that 65N summer sunstroke should increase bit by bit over the following 25,000 old ages, and that no 65N summer sunstroke declines sufficient to do an ice age are expected in the following 50,000 100,000 old ages ( Hollan, Berger ) . Discussion: Global heating and nursery consequence So both the theories can be right but in my point of position the 2nd theory is right. One of the major grounds for this alteration in clime is planetary warming. Before acquiring on any other item we should take a expression on what precisely planetary heating is. The natural procedure of planetary heating is really indispensable for our lives. Without it, this planet Earth would non be liveable. This procedure keeps the temperature of earth warm plenty to populate in ; otherwise it would be stop deading cold and unliveable. Global heating and the nursery consequence is a procedure which describes the emanation of electromagnetic radiations ( EMR ) of different moving ridge lengths by the Sun. EMR include x beams, gamma beams, UV rays, seeable visible radiation, IR radiation etc. These beams are partially absorbed by the lower ambiance and the Earth, some absorbed by the upper ambiance and some are reflected back into the infinite. The gasses in the ambiance absorb a portion of thes e beams due to which the temperature of Earth becomes warm and liveable. That is the procedure of natural planetary heating. In the recent old ages due to the addition of nursery gasses in the ambiance, gasses such as H2O bluess, CO2, methane and chlorophloro Cs ( CFCs ) more of the radiations from the Sun are being absorbed by the ambiance and the temperature of Earth in increasing quickly. 2 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktopglobal-warming-how.gif ( Konika Minolta, Future Generation Energy, Forus Tobe, November 16, 2009 ) There has been an addition in the nursery gasses due to anthropogenetic procedures. There has been an addition in the emanation of CO2 by 0.5 % per twelvemonth and contributes 50 to 60 % of anthropogenetic nursery consequence. Earlier it was 280 ppm, now it is 380 ppm and is predicted to be 450 ppm by 2050. Methane is emited by disintegrating refuse and biomass combustion. Chlorofluorocarbons are emitted by iceboxs and air conditioners and are more absorptive than CO2 and contributes 15 to 25 % of anthropogenetic nursery consequence. Azotic oxides are emitted by fossil fuel combustion and utilizing fertilisers and lend 5 % of anthropogenetic nursery consequence. 3 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktopcauses02.jpg ( NEWS Fellows: by Noel Sheppard, June 12 2007 ) There have besides been statistical analysis sing the consequence of addition in CO2 on the addition in temperature and the consequences clearly show as in the diagram holla that an addition in CO2 emanation is straight related to the addition in temperature. As the sum of CO2 emanation has increased in the past few old ages the Earth s temperature has besides increases. This analysis can easy project that CO2 emanations due to anthropogenetic procedures has lead to an addition in planetary temperature. On this footing I will propose that anthropogenetic activities have a major portion in clime alteration. 4 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktoppv-climate-change_large.jpg ( UNEP, GRID Arendal, J.R.Pelil, J.Jouzel, et Al, clime and atmospheric history of the past 420000 old ages from the voslok ice nucleus in Antarctica. ) Climate is a term that fundamentally states the addition in planetary temperature. Harmonizing to the surveies, from the twelvemonth 1880 till the twelvemonth 2000 on an norm at that place has been a rise in the planetary temperature. The 5-year mean in the temperature anomalousness ( C grades ) started at -0.2 in 1880 and in 2000 it reached 0.47. There have been fluctuations in it. At around 1909 it went even below -0.3 grades. It was the lowest in this twelvemonth. It is the highest in the twelvemonth 2000 at 0.47 grades. On an norm we can see in the graph holla that there has been an increasing tendency. 5 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktopGlobal_Climate_Change_Policy_and_Budget_Review-1.gif ( Zedomax ) Impacts of clime alteration Global heating will hold serious impacts on the environment and on society. Higher temperatures will do a thaw of ice in Greenland and Antarctica. This will speed up the rise of sea degree. The velocity at which planetary heating is expected to happen in the twenty-first century is faster than most works and animate being species will be able to get by with. Some will accommodate but others will endure and may go nonextant. Global heating will impact agribusiness. New harvests will be able to be grown in countries that are presently excessively cold to back up them. However, more plagues and diseases may countervail any benefits higher temperatures may hold. Water resources will besides be affected. Some reservoirs may dry up if temperature additions, particularly if rainfall besides decreases. Rising sea degrees may foul fresh groundwater supplies with salt H2O. Global heating will besides impact human wellness. There may be more heat-related unwellnesss in hotter summers, and increased take a breathing jobs as higher temperatures increase air pollution in metropoliss, cut downing air quality. The malaria mosquito may besides be able to distribute to other parts of the universe where it is presently excessively cold to last and engender. More utmost conditions, for illustration storms, inundations and drouths will hold terrible impacts on the environment and on society. The poorest people in society will unluckily be those least able to get by with the impacts of planetary heating. Green house gases stay can remain in the ambiance for an sum of old ages runing from decennaries to 100s and 1000s of old ages. No affair what we do, planetary heating is traveling to hold some consequence on Earth. As northern states warm, disease transporting insects migrate North, conveying pestilence and disease with them. Indeed some scientists believe that in some states thanks to planetary heating, malaria has non been to the full eradicated. As the temperature of oceans rises, so will the chance of more frequent and stronger hurricanes. We saw in this in 2004 and 2005. Although some countries of Earth will go wetting agent due to planetary heating, other countries will endure serious drouths and heat moving ridges. Africa will have the worst of it, with more terrible drouths besides expected in Europe. Water is already a perilously rare trade good in Africa, and harmonizing to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, planetary heating will worsen the conditions and could take to struggles and war Most of the effects of anthropogenetic planetary heating wo nt be good. And these effects spell one thing for the states of the universe: economic effects. Hurricanes cause one million millions of dollars in harm, diseases cost money to handle and command and struggles exacerbate all of these. The ice caps-melting is a four-pronged danger. First, it will raise sea degrees. There are 5,773,000 three-dimensional stat mis of H2O in ice caps, glaciers, and lasting snow. Harmonizing to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, if all glaciers melted today the seas would lift about 230 pess. Fortunately, that s non traveling to go on all in one spell! But sea degrees will lift. Second, runing ice caps will throw the planetary ecosystem out of balance. The ice caps are fresh H2O, and when they melt they will desalt the ocean, or in apparent English do it less salty. The desalination of the gulf current will sleep together up ocean currents, which regulate temperatures. The watercourse closure or abnormality would chill the country around north-east America and Western Europe. Luckily, that will decelerate some of the other effects of planetary heating in that country! Third, temperature rises and altering landscapes in the Arctic Circle will jeopardize several species of animate beings. Merely the most adaptable will last. Fourth, planetary heating could snowball with the ice caps gone. Ice caps are white, and reflect sunshine, much of which is reflected back into infinite, farther chilling Earth. If the ice caps melt, the lone reflector is the ocean. Darker colourss absorb sunshine, farther warming the Earth. 6 ) Degree centigrades: Userskhadija iqbalDesktopimpacts-mindmap.jpg ( Learning basicss, Battling Global Warming Mind Map ) If climate alteration is such a large issue, so what are we making about it? Our experts are non incognizant of the drastic effects of clime alteration. They have taken it into history and are doing attempts in halting it from happening. Many organisations have been formed which are working on this instance. The authoritiess measure the emanations of nursery gasses in their states and signifier Torahs in order to diminish them. Many planetary organisations are working on protecting the environment in order to halt or at least lessening planetary heating. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC or FCCC ) is an international environmental pact produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ( UNCED ) , informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992. The aim of the pact is to stabilise nursery gas concentrations in the ambiance at a degree that would forestall unsafe anthropogenetic intervention with the clime system. The pact itself sets no compulsory bounds on nursery gas emanations for single states and contains no enforcement mechanisms. In that sense, the pact is considered lawfully non-binding. Alternatively, the pact provides for updates ( called protocols ) that would put compulsory emanation bounds. The chief update is the Kyoto Protocol, which has become much better known than the UNFCCC itself. The UNFCCC was opened for signature on May 9, 1992, after an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee produced the text of the Framework Convention as a study following its meeting in New York from April 30 to May 9, 1992. It entered into force on March 21, 1994. As of December 2009, UNFCCC had 192 parties. One of its first undertakings was to set up national nursery gas stock lists of nursery gas ( GHG ) emanations and remotions, which were used to make the 1990 benchmark degrees for accession of Annex I states to the Kyoto Protocol and for the committedness of those states to GHG decreases. Updated stock lists must be on a regular basis submitted by Annex I states. The UNFCCC is besides the name of the United Nations Secretariat charged with back uping the operation of the Convention, with offices in Haus Carstanjen, Bonn, Germany. From 2006 to 2010 the caput of the secretariat was Yvo de Boer ; on May 17, 2010 his replacement, Christiana Figueres from Costa Rica has been named. The Secretariat, augmented through the parallel attempts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , aims to derive consensus through meetings and the treatment of assorted schemes. The parties to the convention have met yearly from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties ( COP ) to measure advancement in covering with clime alteration. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and established lawfully adhering duties for developed states to cut down their nursery gas emanations. ( Climate Leaders ) ( 2 ) Other organisations working for the improvement of environment include: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) LEADS Pakistan UNEP Different NGOs around the universe Green peace organisation And there are many more. Decision After all the above statements, information and facts I can state that clime alteration is existent. It is happening all around the universe impacting everyone and every state. Its effects are risky. It is happening due to anthropocentric procedures. Peoples are non incognizant of it and many are taking stairss to forestall it but more rigorous actions and policies are required. REFERENCE Section Picture: THIS IS A WEBSITE ( The Pew Forum On Religion and Public Life, spiritual groups positions on planetary heating, April 16, 2009 ) Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //pewforum.org/Science-and-Bioethics/Religious-Groups-Views-on-Global-Warming.aspx THIS IS A WEBSITE ( Konika Minolta, Future Generation Energy, Forus Tobe, November 16, 2009 ) Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.4us2be.com/environment/global-warming/ THIS IS AN ONLINE NEWS WEBSITE ( NEWS Fellows: by Noel Sheppard, June 12 2007 ) Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //newsbusters.org/node/13388 THIS IS A Report ( UNEP, GRID Arendal, J.R.Pelil, J.Jouzel, et Al, clime and atmospheric history of the past 420000 old ages from the voslok ice nucleus in Antarctica ) THIS IS A WEBSITE ( Zedomax ) Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //zedomax.com/blog/2007/03/10/does-the-internet-cause-globalwarming/ 6 ) THIS IS AN ORGANISATION Learning basicss, Battling Global Warming Mind Map Link: hypertext transfer protocol: //learningfundamentals.com.au/resources/combating-global-warming-mind-map/ Articles for literature reappraisal: Brandon King on Monday, 10 May 2010, ( United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2009-01-14. ) ( Climate Leaders. Lead India. 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009 ) Astronomical theory on clime alteration: NOAA orbiter and information service. National environmental orbiter, informations and information service ( NESDIS ) NOAA palaeoclimatology NCDC ( National Climate Data Centre )

Monday, November 4, 2019

Theory and Practice of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Theory and Practice of Ethics - Research Paper Example It cannot be achieved by advancements in science and metaphysics. There can be differences of opinion about what is good for the human beings collectively. It has given rise to many theories in ethics. This paper aims at studying the role of media and its responsibilities from the ethical perspective. With the advancement in technology the role and shape of media is also fast changing. Technological advancement has made information very much accessible to everyone via various means. With internet and telecommunication and other mass media sources information travels very swiftly and fluidly all over the globe. With this wide reach and access of mass media comes the responsibility. Thesis Statement: Is the media playing its role responsibly for the collective well being of human kind? The Importance of Media Media has a strong role to play in forming the opinions of the public. Hence it in a way moulds what is acceptable and what is not acceptable by the society. It has a strong influ ence in determining ethical boundaries of the society. Ever since its inception media has been a powerful tool in shaping and molding people’s perception but with the current mushroom growth of mass media its importance has increased manifolds. The outburst of internet has fueled it further taking it to new heights. Every individual now has access to loads of information and that too is so easily available just a click away. It has not only increased the role of media but also increased the importance of the opinion of the people. Now public opinion matters in almost all walks of life even in important policy decisions. Public opinion matters most in politics. This growth in mass media has made individuals very opinionated and now we have opinions about almost everything and that too is an informed one (Vivan, 2006). Ethical Issues Created by Media Media and politics are strongly interrelated. What we observe today is the emerging phenomena of mediatization of politics, growi ng role of E-Politics and governance. These days’ media is extensively used by governments, political parties and all other stake holders in forming opinion of the public. It includes traditional media as well as all the modern electronic forms such as twitters, websites, social networking channels etc. Recently we observed an example of the influence of media in politics in countries like Egypt, Jordan and Libya (Street, 2010). But the question arises here, is the media brought revolution justified? Is it ethical? Is it really in the interest of the citizens of the country? With this increasing trend of mediatization the important question is no more about assurance of independence of media from politics and society but the need is to ensure independence of politics and society from the influence of media. Mediatization is a two pronged process. At one hand media emerge as independent institution, with independent thinking based on its own logic with which all the other soci al institutions must adapt. On the other hand it has become an integral part of all the other institutions of society such as politics, work, religion etc. Increasingly all the activities of these institutions are performed with the interaction of the mass media. The impact of mediatization can be understood from the fact that a headline in the newspaper may change the voting behavior of the people in the elections. Is the media playing its role sensibly and responsibly? Are they raising the right

Friday, November 1, 2019

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl - Essay Example â€Å" (7). Which is why Linda led a relatively happy life up until the age of six when her mother died. It was only then that she learned that she was to be a slave in the employ of her mother's former mistress. In Brent's own words; â€Å"Such were the unusually fortunate circumstances of my early childhood. When I was six years old, my mother died; and then, for the first time, I learned, by the talk around me, that I was a slave† (7). When her mistress dies and she is passed on to other masters, her life totally changes in such a manner that is is speedily robbed of her innocence. She is given to the Flint family headed by Dr. Flint. He was described as ; â€Å"... an epicure. The cook never sent a dinner to his table without fear and trembling; for if there happened to be a dish not to his liking, he would either order her to be whipped, or compel her to eat every mouthful of it in his presence. The poor, hungry creature might not have objected to eating it; but she did not object to having her master cram it down her throat till she choked† (13). She thwarts the sexual advances of Dr. Flint by consenting to having an affair with her white neighbor. That neighbor is named Mr. Sands, he fathers her two children named Benjamin and Ellen. It is important to note that Jacobs wrote her protagonists point of view in such a way that she thought it was better to live the life of a kept woman with mulatto children than to be the product of a sexual rape. It is the opinion of the author that because women slaves lead a different life than the white women, they are offered a different standard of morality than the free women. At the end of Linda's affair with Mr. Sands, he leaves her to go south. He takes a bride,fathers a child with her,purchases his children with Linda and treats them as slaves even when he promised her that he would free then, then becomes a congressman. Throughout the ordeal of Linda's life there was one constant personality who tr ied to stand up for her family no matter the cost, her grandmother known as Aunt Martha. She lived to see her grandchildren escape from slavery even though it meant losing them as family. She was a strong willed woman who stood up for herself and put fear into Dr. Flint. In one of the more famous scenes in the book she admonishes the doctor and tells him to "Get out of my house†¦ Go home and take care of your wife and children" (15). Aunt Martha, through the grace of the universe managed to gain her freedom when it was provided to her by a kindly white woman. The situation occurred this way; Dr. Flint chose to sell Aunt Martha after the death of her mistress because he thought her old and feeble. Nobody wanted to buy her on the auction block except for an old white woman who immediately granted her freedom upon the close of her sale. One of the most touching depictions of slavery in the book has to do with the method by which the slaves celebrate New Years Day. Their eve is spe nt among their family and little possessions as they await the decision of their master as to whether or not they will be sold to another master and permanently parted from their family the next day. Those up for sale can be heard begging the masters who are looking over the slaves like produce to â€Å"Please, massa, hire me this year. I will work _very_ hard, massa." (15). It is because of the way that the slave families find themselves separated and divided that Aunt Martha tries to buy the freedom of her grandchildren from their masters,